簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 黃懿民
Huang, Yi-Min
論文名稱: 學齡前發展遲緩兒童家長對其孩童身體活動行為之促進因子與障礙因子探討-以臺北市早療醫療院所為例
Parental factors impacting physical activity on preschool children with developmental delay -an example of early intervention facilities in Taipei
指導教授: 劉潔心
Liu, Chieh-Hsing
口試委員: 廖邕
Liao, Yung
曾頌惠
Tseng, Sung-Hui
口試日期: 2021/06/24
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 健康促進與衛生教育學系健康促進與衛生教育碩士在職專班
Department of Health Promotion and Health Education_Continuing Education Master's Program of Health Promotion and Health Education
論文出版年: 2021
畢業學年度: 109
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 123
中文關鍵詞: 學齡前兒童發展遲緩身體活動PRECEDE-PROCEED
英文關鍵詞: physical activity, preschool, developmental delays, parental perception, PREDEDE-PROCEED model
研究方法: 調查研究
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100770
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:212下載:32
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究目的為探討學齡前發展遲緩兒童身體活動之現況與家長對於其孩童在身體活動行為的相關因素,並運用PRECEDE-PROCEED模式中「教育評估和生態評估」的階段將相關因素進一步分析為促進因子與障礙因子,瞭解學齡前發展遲緩兒童之家長在前傾、增強、使能因素上如何促進或阻礙其孩童身體活動之行為。隨機抽樣選取臺北市進行早期療育的醫療院所之孩童(n=304),並以結構式問卷調查學齡前發展遲緩兒童的家長對孩童在身體活動上相關覺知以及障礙。
    研究結果顯示臺灣學齡前發展遲緩兒童平均一天的身體活動時間僅43.09分鐘,而家長對身體活動的覺知、親職支持、親職效能以及是否有專家提供建議以及家長本身的身體活動時間、孩童靜態遊戲時間能夠有效預測學齡前發展遲緩兒童的身體活動時間(R^2=.282)。
    為了能夠提升學齡前發展遲緩兒童的身體活動時間,本研究建議:(1)提升家長在孩童身體活動重要之相關知能 (2)專業人員應加強將身體活動融入日常的相關建議及衛教 (3)政府應設立臺灣學齡前身體活動的相關指引,其中也應包含學齡前發展遲緩兒童知相關建議 (4)政府應加強在遊戲空間提供適切且通用設計之共融設施。

    This study aims to present the parental facilitators and barriers that influence the physical activity of preschool children with developmental delay. This study is a cross-sectional study that use the stage of "Education Assessment and Ecological Assessment" in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to develop a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 3 aspects include parental, social support, and policy. Researchers survey the parents of preschool children with developmental delay in Taipei city via questionnaire (n=304).
    The results of this study indicate that preschool children with developmental delay spent 43.09 minutes in average physical activity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that parent
    's perceptions of physical activity, parental support, parental efficacy, professional advice, physical activity of parents and static play time of children significantly predicted the physical activity time of preschool children with developmental delays (R^2=.282).
    This study suggests (1) educating parents the benefits and knowledge of physical activity (2) emphasizing professional advice for the importance of integrating physical activity into daily life (3) establishing policy of physical activity guidelines for preschoolers in Taiwan, including recommendations for children with developmental delays (4) constructing policy about appropriate and inclusive facilities in playground to improve the physical activity time of children with developmental delay.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景動機 1 第二節 研究目的 5 第三節 研究問題 6 第四節 研究假設 7 第五節 名詞界定 8 第二章 研究文獻探討 11 第一節 學齡前兒童的身體活動 11 第二節 發展遲緩兒童的身體活動 18 第三節 發展遲緩兒童身體活動行為的促進與障礙因子 21 第四節 PRECEDE-PROCEED模式在健康行為的應用 29 第三章 研究方法 35 第一節 研究設計與架構 35 第二節 研究對象 37 第三節 研究工具 38 第四節 研究步驟 40 第五節 資料處理分析 43 第四章 研究結果與討論 45 第一節 學齡前發展遲緩兒童之家長背景變項與其身體活動行為現況分析 45 第二節 學齡前發展遲緩兒童背景變項與其身體活動行為現況分析 50 第三節 人口學背景變項與發展遲緩兒童身體活動行為之差異 57 第四節 人口學背景變項與發展遲緩兒童身體活動的促進因子與障礙因子之差異 59 第五節 發展遲緩兒童身體活動時間與背景因素、促進及障礙因子之相關 67 第六節 發展遲緩兒童身體活動行為的促進因子、障礙因子與其每天身體活動時間的預測 73 第五章 結論與建議 78 第一節 研究限制 78 第二節 結論 79 第三節 建議 81 參考文獻 85 附錄一 問卷專家效度 94 附錄二 人體研究倫理委員會證明 110 附錄三 問卷 112

    一、 中文文獻
    李蘭, 晏涵文., 陳富莉, 陸玓玲, 吳文琪, 江宜珍. (2010). 健康行為與健康教育: 巨流圖書公司.
    衛生福利部統計處. (2019). 發展遲緩兒童早期療育服務個案通報概況. Retrieved from https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOS/lp-2978-113.html
    兒童福利聯合基金會 (2018) 兒童運動現況調查報告 Retrieved from https://www.children.org.tw/research/detail/70/1350

    二、 英文文獻
    Adkins, S., Sherwood, N. E., Story, M., & Davis, M. (2004). Physical activity among African‐American girls: the role of parents and the home environment. Obesity research, 12(S9), 38S-45S.
    Alesi, M., & Pepi, A. (2017). Physical activity engagement in young people with Down syndrome: Investigating parental beliefs. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(1), 71-83.
    American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved from https://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/HALF-Implementation-Guide/Age-Specific-Content/Pages/Preschooler-Physical-Activity.aspx
    American Academy of Pediatrics. (2003). Task Force on the Family. Family pediatrics: report of the Task Force on the Family. Pediatrics, 111(6 pt 2), 1541-1571.
    Andersen, L. B., Harro, M., Sardinha, L. B., Froberg, K., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., & Anderssen, S. A. (2006). Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study). The Lancet, 368(9532), 299-304.
    Anderson, D. M., Bedini, L. A., & Moreland, L. (2005). Getting All Girls into the Game: Physically Active Recreation for Girls with Disabilities. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 23(4).
    Australian Government Department of Health. (2017). Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years (birth to 5 years): An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.au/resources/publications/24-hour-movement-guidelines-birth-to-5-years-brochure
    Bürgi, F., Meyer, U., Granacher, U., Schindler, C., Marques-Vidal, P., Kriemler, S., & Puder, J. J. (2011). Relationship of physical activity with motor skills, aerobic fitness and body fat in preschool children: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study (Ballabeina). International journal of obesity, 35(7), 937.
    Bagley, S., Salmon, J., & Crawford, D. (2006). Family structure and children's television viewing and physical activity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(5), 910-918.
    Bassett-Gunter, R., Ruscitti, R., Latimer-Cheung, A., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2017). Targeted physical activity messages for parents of children with disabilities: A qualitative investigation of parents' informational needs and preferences. Research in developmental disabilities, 64, 37-46.
    Beets, M. W., Cardinal, B. J., & Alderman, B. L. (2010). Parental social support and the physical activity-related behaviors of youth: a review. Health Education & Behavior, 37(5), 621-644.
    Bertera, R. L. (1993). Behavioral risk factor and illness day changes with workplace health promotion: two-year results. American Journal of Health Promotion, 7(5), 365-373.
    Bingham, D. D., Costa, S., Hinkley, T., Shire, K. A., Clemes, S. A., & Barber, S. E. (2016). Physical activity during the early years: a systematic review of correlates and determinants. American journal of preventive medicine, 51(3), 384-402.
    Bloemen, M. A., Backx, F. J., Takken, T., Wittink, H., Benner, J., Mollema, J., & De Groot, J. F. (2015). Factors associated with physical activity in children and adolescents with a physical disability: a systematic review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 57(2), 137-148.
    Borkhoff, C. M., Heale, L. D., Anderson, L. N., Tremblay, M. S., Maguire, J. L., Parkin, P. C., & Birken, C. S. (2015). Objectively measured physical activity of young Canadian children using accelerometry. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 40(12), 1302-1308.
    Calano, B. J. D., Cacal, M. J. B., Cal, C. B., Calletor, K. P., Guce, F. I. C. C., Bongar, M. V. V., & Macindo, J. R. B. (2019). Effectiveness of a community‐based health programme on the blood pressure control, adherence and knowledge of adults with hypertension: A PRECEDE‐PROCEED model approach. Journal of clinical nursing, 28(9-10), 1879-1888.
    Canadian Paediatric Society. (2012). Healthy active living: Physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/physical-activity-guidelines
    Cardon, G. M., & De Bourdeaudhuij, I. M. (2008). Are preschool children active enough? Objectively measured physical activity levels. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 79(3), 326-332.
    Case, L., Ross, S., & Yun, J. (2020). Physical activity guideline compliance among a national sample of children with various developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 13(2), 100881.
    Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports, 100(2), 126.
    Chiang, L.-C., Huang, J.-L., & Lu, C.-M. (2003). Educational diagnosis of self-management behaviors of parents with asthmatic children by triangulation based on PRECEDE–PROCEED model in Taiwan. Patient Education and Counseling, 49(1), 19-25.
    Chiarello, L. A., Palisano, R. J., Orlin, M. N., Chang, H.-J., Begnoche, D., & An, M. (2012). Understanding participation of preschool-age children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Early Intervention, 34(1), 3-19.
    Chief Medical Officers of England, S., Wales,, & Ireland, N. (2011). Start active, stay active: A report on physical activity from the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers. London: Department of Health.
    Davison, K. K., Edmunds, L. S., Wyker, B. A., Young, L. M., Sarfoh, V. S., & Sekhobo, J. P. (2011). Feasibility of increasing childhood outdoor play and decreasing television viewing through a family-based intervention in WIC, New York State, 2007-2008. Preventing chronic disease, 8(3), A54-A54.
    Dawson-Hahn, E. E., Fesinmeyer, M. D., & Mendoza, J. A. (2015). Correlates of physical activity in Latino preschool children attending Head Start. Pediatric exercise science, 27(3), 372-379.
    Dehghan, M., Akhtar-Danesh, N., & Merchant, A. T. (2005). Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention. Nutrition journal, 4(1), 24.
    Dumith, S. C., Gigante, D. P., Domingues, M. R., Hallal, P. C., Menezes, A. M., & Kohl, H. W. (2012). Predictors of physical activity change during adolescence: a 3· 5-year follow-up. Public health nutrition, 15(12), 2237-2245.
    Dwyer, G. M., Hardy, L. L., Peat, J. K., & Baur, L. A. (2011). The validity and reliability of a home environment preschool-age physical activity questionnaire (Pre-PAQ). International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 86.
    Dwyer, G. M., Higgs, J., Hardy, L. L., & Baur, L. A. (2008). What do parents and preschool staff tell us about young children's physical activity: a qualitative study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 5(1), 66.
    Ellis, M. K., Lieberman, L. J., & Dummer, G. M. (2014). Parent influences on physical activity participation and physical fitness of deaf children. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 19(2), 270-281.
    Engelen, L., Bundy, A. C., Naughton, G., Simpson, J. M., Bauman, A., Ragen, J., . . . Niehues, A. (2013). Increasing physical activity in young primary school children—it's child's play: A cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 56(5), 319-325.
    Figueroa, R., & An, R. (2017). Motor skill competence and physical activity in preschoolers: a review. Maternal and child health journal, 21(1), 136-146.
    Finn, K., Johannsen, N., & Specker, B. (2002). Factors associated with physical activity in preschool children. The Journal of pediatrics, 140(1), 81-85.
    Frey, G. C., Stanish, H. I., & Temple, V. A. (2008). Physical activity of youth with intellectual disability: review and research agenda. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 25(2), 95-117.
    Gary, T. L., Bone, L. R., Hill, M. N., Levine, D. M., McGuire, M., Saudek, C., & Brancati, F. L. (2003). Randomized controlled trial of the effects of nurse case manager and community health worker interventions on risk factors for diabetes-related complications in urban African Americans. Preventive Medicine, 37(1), 23-32.
    Gielen, A. C. (1992). Health education and injury control: Integrating approaches. Health Education Quarterly, 19(2), 203-218.
    Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice: John Wiley & Sons.
    Goldfield, G. S., Harvey, A., Grattan, K., & Adamo, K. B. (2012). Physical activity promotion in the preschool years: a critical period to intervene. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(4), 1326-1342.
    Goldfield, G. S., Raynor, H. A., & Epstein, L. H. (2002). Treatment of pediatric obesity.
    Green, L., & Kreuter, M. (2005). Precede-Proceed. Health program planning: an educational and ecological approach. 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Greguol, M., Gobbi, E., & Carraro, A. (2015). Physical activity practice among children and adolescents with visual impairment–influence of parental support and perceived barriers. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(4), 327-330.
    Heah, T., Case, T., McGuire, B., & Law, M. (2007). Successful participation: The lived experience among children with disabilities. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(1), 38-47.
    Hesketh, K. R., McMinn, A. M., Griffin, S. J., Harvey, N. C., Godfrey, K. M., Inskip, H. M., . . . van Sluijs, E. M. (2013). Maternal awareness of young children’s physical activity: levels and cross-sectional correlates of overestimation. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 924.
    Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., Crawford, D., & Hesketh, K. (2012). Preschoolers' physical activity, screen time, and compliance with recommendations. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 44(3), 458-465.
    Hopper, C. A., Gruber, M. B., Munoz, K. D., & Herb, R. A. (1992). Effect of including parents in a school-based exercise and nutrition program for children. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 63(3), 315-321.
    Hopper, C. A., Munoz, K. D., Gruber, M. B., & Nguyen, K. P. (2005). The effects of a family fitness program on the physical activity and nutrition behaviors of third-grade children. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 76(2), 130-139.
    Hosseini, F., Farshidi, H., Aghamolaei, T., Madani, A., & Ghanbarnejad, A. (2014). The impact of an educational intervention based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model on lifestyle changes among hypertension patients. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, 2(1), 17-27.
    Howat, P., Jones, S., Hall, M., Cross, D., & Stevenson, M. (1997). The PRECEDE-PROCEED model: application to planning a child pedestrian injury prevention program. Injury Prevention, 3(4), 282-287.
    Jaarsma, E. A., Dijkstra, P. U., de Blécourt, A. C., Geertzen, J. H., & Dekker, R. (2015). Barriers and facilitators of sports in children with physical disabilities: a mixed-method study. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(18), 1617-1625.
    Jones, R. A., Okely, A. D., Gregory, P., & Cliff, D. P. (2009). Relationships between weight status and child, parent and community characteristics in preschool children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4(1), 54-60.
    Krahn, G. L., Hammond, L., & Turner, A. (2006). A cascade of disparities: health and health care access for people with intellectual disabilities. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews, 12(1), 70-82.
    Ku, B., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020). Physical activity behaviors in parents of children with disabilities: A systematic review. Res Dev Disabil, 107, 103787. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103787
    Levinson, L., & Reid, G. (1991). Patterns of physical activity among youngsters with developmental disabilities. CAHPER Journal, 57(3), 24-28.
    Lin, L.-Y. (2020). Time Use in Physical Activity and Developmental Status among Young Children. Journal of Taiwan Occupational Therapy reserch and practice, 16(2), 13-22.
    Lin, L. Y., Cherng, R. J., & Chen, Y. J. (2017). Relationship between time use in physical activity and gross motor performance of preschool children. Australian occupational therapy journal, 64(1), 49-57.
    Lindsay, A. C., Greaney, M. L., Wallington, S. F., Mesa, T., & Salas, C. F. (2017). A review of early influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children in high‐income countries. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 22(3), e12182.
    Longmuir, P. E., & Bar-Or, O. (2000). Factors influencing the physical activity levels of youths with physical and sensory disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 17(1), 40-53.
    Loprinzi, P. D., Schary, D. P., Beets, M. W., Leary, J., & Cardinal, B. J. (2013). Association between hypothesized parental influences and preschool children's physical activity behavior. American Journal of Health Education, 44(1), 9-18.
    Loprinzi, P. D., & Trost, S. G. (2010). Parental influences on physical activity behavior in preschool children. Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 129-133.
    Maher, C. A., Williams, M. T., Olds, T., & Lane, A. E. (2007). Physical and sedentary activity in adolescents with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(6), 450-457.
    Martin, J. J., & Choi, Y. S. (2009). Parents’ physical activity− related perceptions of their children with disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 2(1), 9-14.
    McGarty, A. M., & Melville, C. A. (2018). Parental perceptions of facilitators and barriers to physical activity for children with intellectual disabilities: A mixed methods systematic review. Research in developmental disabilities, 73, 40-57.
    McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Quarterly, 15(4), 351-377.
    Moore, L. L., Lombardi, D. A., White, M. J., Campbell, J. L., Oliveria, S. A., & Ellison, R. C. (1991). Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. The Journal of pediatrics, 118(2), 215-219.
    Morisky, D. E., Levine, D. M., Green, L. W., Shapiro, S., Russell, R. P., & Smith, C. R. (1983). Five-year blood pressure control and mortality following health education for hypertensive patients. American Journal of Public Health, 73(2), 153-162.
    Moshki, M., Dehnoalian, A., & Alami, A. (2017). Effect of precede–proceed model on preventive behaviors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in high-risk individuals. Clinical nursing research, 26(2), 241-253.
    Must, A., Phillips, S., Curtin, C., & Bandini, L. G. (2015). Barriers to physical activity in children with autism spectrum disorders: relationship to physical activity and screen time. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12(4), 529-534.
    Must, A., Phillips, S. M., Curtin, C., Anderson, S. E., Maslin, M., Lividini, K., & Bandini, L. G. (2014). Comparison of sedentary behaviors between children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Autism, 18(4), 376-384.
    Nadrian, H., Morowatisharifabad, M. A., & Bahmanpour, K. (2011). Development of a rheumatoid arthritis education program using the PRECEDE_PROCEED model. Health promotion perspectives, 1(2), 118.
    National Association for Sport and Physical Education & American Heart Association. (2010). 2010 Shape of the nation report: Status of physical education in the USA. Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education.
    Njelesani, J., Leckie, K., Drummond, J., & Cameron, D. (2015). Parental perceptions of barriers to physical activity in children with developmental disabilities living in Trinidad and Tobago. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(4), 290-295.
    Pan, C.-Y., Frey, G. C., Bar-Or, O., & Longmuir, P. (2005). Concordance of physical activity among parents and youth with physical disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 17(4), 395-407.
    Pate, R. R., Baranowski, T., Dowda, M., & Trost, S. G. (1996). Tracking of physical activity in young children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 28(1), 92-96.
    Pate, R. R., O'Neill, J. R., Brown, W. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., Dowda, M., & Addy, C. L. (2015). Prevalence of compliance with a new physical activity guideline for preschool-age children. Childhood obesity, 11(4), 415-420.
    Pate, R. R., Pfeiffer, K. A., Trost, S. G., Ziegler, P., & Dowda, M. (2004). Physical activity among children attending preschools. Pediatrics, 114(5), 1258-1263.
    Pitchford, E. A., Siebert, E., Hamm, J., & Yun, J. (2016). Parental perceptions of physical activity benefits for youth with developmental disabilities. American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities, 121(1), 25-32.
    Ranjbaran, S., Dehdari, T., Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, K., & Majdabadi, M. M. (2015). Poor sleep quality in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: an intervention study using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center, 10(1), 1.
    Rezapour, B., Mostafavi, F., & Khalkhali, H. R. (2016). School-based and PRECEDE-PROCEED-Model intervention to promote physical activity in the high school students: case study of Iran. Global journal of health science, 8(9), 271.
    Rimmer, J., Yamaki, K., Lowry, B. D., Wang, E., & Vogel, L. (2010). Obesity and obesity‐related secondary conditions in adolescents with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(9), 787-794.
    Rimmer, J. A., & Rowland, J. L. (2008). Physical activity for youth with disabilities: a critical need in an underserved population. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 11(2), 141-148.
    Rimmer, J. H., & Yamaki, K. (2006). Obesity and intellectual disability. Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews, 12(1), 22-27.
    Ruiz, R., Gesell, S. B., Buchowski, M. S., Lambert, W., & Barkin, S. L. (2011). The relationship between Hispanic parents and their preschool-aged children's physical activity. Pediatrics, 127(5), 888-895.
    Sallis, J. F., Nader, P. R., Broyles, S. L., Berry, C. C., Elder, J. P., McKenzie, T. L., & Nelson, J. A. (1993). Correlates of physical activity at home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American preschool children. Health psychology, 12(5), 390.
    Sallis, J. F., Patterson, T. L., McKenzie, T. L., & Nader, P. R. (1988). Family variables and physical activity in preschool children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics.
    Salmon, J., Owen, N., Crawford, D., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2003). Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a population-based study of barriers, enjoyment, and preference. Health psychology, 22(2), 178.
    Sawyer, A., Smith, L., Schrempft, S., van Jaarsveld, C. H., Wardle, J., & Fisher, A. (2014). Primary caregiver knowledge of paediatric physical activity recommendations in the United Kingdom and its association with caregiver behaviour: an observational study. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 795.
    Shields, N., Synnot, A. J., & Barr, M. (2012). Perceived barriers and facilitators to physical activity for children with disability: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med, 46(14), 989-997.
    Siebert, E. A., Hamm, J., & Yun, J. (2017). Parental influence on physical activity of children with disabilities. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 64(4), 378-390.
    Skinner, C. S., & Kreuter, M. W. (1997). Using theories in planning interactive computer programs. Health promotion and interactive technology: Theoretical applications and future directions, 39-66.
    Stanton‐Chapman, T. L., & Schmidt, E. L. (2017). Caregiver perceptions of inclusive playgrounds targeting toddlers and preschoolers with disabilities: has recent international and national policy improved overall satisfaction? Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 17(4), 237-246.
    Stolley, M. R., Fitzgibbon, M. L., Dyer, A., Horn, L. V., KauferChristoffel, K., & Schiffer, L. (2003). Hip-Hop to Health Jr., an obesity prevention program for minority preschool children: baseline characteristics of participants. Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 320-329. doi:10.1016/s0091-7435(02)00068-3
    Stuart, M. E., Lieberman, L., & Hand, K. E. (2006). Beliefs about physical activity among children who are visually impaired and their parents. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 100(4), 223-234.
    Sue Cragg, M. B. A., & Cameron, C. (2006). Physical activity of Canadian youth—An analysis of 2002 health behaviour in school-aged children data. . Ottawa Ontario: Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute.
    Tandon, P., Saelens, B., & Copeland, K. (2017). A comparison of parent and childcare provider's attitudes and perceptions about preschoolers' physical activity and outdoor time. Child: care, health and development, 43(5), 679-686.
    Taylor, R. W., Murdoch, L., Carter, P., Gerrard, D. F., Williams, S. M., & Taylor, B. J. (2009). Longitudinal study of physical activity and inactivity in preschoolers: the FLAME study. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(1), 96-102.
    Timmons, B. W., LeBlanc, A. G., Carson, V., Connor Gorber, S., Dillman, C., Janssen, I., . . . Tremblay, M. S. (2012). Systematic review of physical activity and health in the early years (aged 0–4 years). Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(4), 773-792.
    Timmons, B. W., Naylor, P.-J., & Pfeiffer, K. A. (2007). Physical activity for preschool children—how much and how? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 32(S2E), S122-S134.
    Tramm, R., McCarthy, A., & Yates, P. (2012). Using the Precede–Proceed Model of Health Program Planning in breast cancer nursing research. Journal of advanced nursing, 68(8), 1870-1880.
    Tremblay, M. S., Chaput, J.-P., Adamo, K. B., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Choquette, L., . . . Gray, C. E. (2017). Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for the early years (0–4 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. BMC Public Health, 17(5), 874.
    Tucker, P. (2008). The physical activity levels of preschool-aged children: A systematic review. Early childhood research quarterly, 23(4), 547-558.
    United States Department of Health. (2008). Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans: Be Active, Healthy, and Happy! (Vol. 36): Government Printing Office.
    Vale, S., Silva, P., Santos, R., Soares-Miranda, L., & Mota, J. (2010). Compliance with physical activity guidelines in preschool children. Journal of sports sciences, 28(6), 603-608.
    Van Cauwenberghe, E., Jones, R. A., Hinkley, T., Crawford, D., & Okely, A. D. (2012). Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in preschool children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 138.
    Wolman, B. B. (1977). International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis & Neurology: Acrobat Books.
    World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age.
    Wright, A., McGorry, P. D., Harris, M. G., Jorm, A. F., & Pennell, K. (2006). Development and evaluation of a youth mental health community awareness campaign–The Compass Strategy. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 215.
    Yang, H.-W., Ostrosky, M. M., & Meadan-Kaplansky, H. (2018). Parental perceptions of participation in physical activities for preschoolers with disabilities. Early Child Development and Care, 1-15.
    Zecevic, C. A., Tremblay, L., Lovsin, T., & Michel, L. (2010). Parental influence on young children's physical activity. International journal of pediatrics, 2010.
    Zimmerman, R. K., Silverman, M., Janosky, J. E., Mieczkowski, T. A., Wilson, S. A., Bardella, I. J., . . . Nowalk, M. P. (2001). A comprehensive investigation of barriers to adult immunization: a methods paper. The Journal of family practice, 50(8), 703-703.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE