國 立 臺 灣 師 範 大 學 體 育 學 系
博 士 學 位 論 文
網球平擊發球上肢肢段關節之動力學分析
研究生:蔡虔祿 指導教授:黃長福 共同指導教授:林德嘉 民88年6月
摘 要
大多數的選手在發第一發球時，幾乎都全力以赴，這造成持拍手的三個關節--肩關節、肘關節與腕關節承受強大的壓力，若沒有經過適當的訓練，可能會使選手的上肢關節會面臨巨大的傷害。本研究即欲探討選手的第一發球的過程中，擊球前後在上肢關節的作用力、力矩與功率，及其相互間的作用所造成的影響。
本研究以國內四名大專甲組冠軍隊的男網球選手為受試者，針對他們的第一發球的動作來做分析。他們的年齡平均為20.3歲、身高平均為184公分、體重平均為78.9公斤。本文將受試者的持拍手分成上臂、前臂與球拍(加上手掌)。將各肢段視為去頂橢圓錐體模型，以此數學模式的方法計算出肢段的重量、體積、與轉動慣量。配合重心板與浸水法的校正，而獲得各選手個人的人體肢段參數。以一部Kodak高速攝影機（500Hz）拍攝選手們矢狀面的二度空間資料。在結合球、人體肢段參數與攝影機得到的數位化動作資料後，運用動力學的逆過程 (Inverse Dynamics)，分析碰撞前後上肢關節的力學變化，並計算上肢關節的作用合力，以瞭解發球與上肢關節的作用情形。
從以上的方法分析所得的結果，得到下列幾項結論:
一．以去頂橢圓錐體所計算的人體肢段參數資料得到的數據精確度很高，可以做更廣泛的應用。也可以增加受試者的人數，以得到更精確的參數資料。
二．網球發球的上肢作用合力、淨關節力矩與功率，各肢段皆在碰撞時達
到極值。
三．網球發球在碰撞時，三個關節中以腕關節在角速度、角加速度與關節作用功率的表現上最為突出。
四．依照上肢的關節角速度、關節淨力矩與關節作用功率的數據所分析出之網球發球型態，發現為避免屈肘肌群的離心收縮負荷，應多做屈肘肌群的重量訓練，以減少發球前期所產生的傷害。
關鍵詞:生物力學、網球、發球、運動學逆過程

National Taiwan Normal University Department of Physical Education
DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF UPPER EXTREMITY
IN TENNIS FLAT SERVICES
Doctoral Graduate Student: Tsai, Chien-Lu
Advisor: Huang, Chenfu
Co-Advisor: Lin, Der Chia
Present Date: 06/ 19/ 1999
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to analyze the net joint forces, moments and powers on the upper extremities of the elite players during the flat service movement. In this study, we are interested in analyzing from the phase of the period before and after the point of making contact with the ball. Four elite collegiate players in Taiwan were served as subjects. Their mean age, height and weight were respectively 20.3 years, 184.0cm and 78.9kg. The upper extremity of the subject was separated into three segments, upper arm, forearm and racket (with fist included). The body segment parameters of each subject were calculated by a mathematical model of truncated elliptical cone and calibrate by reaction board and water displacement methods. A Kodak Ekta-Pro 1000 high-speed video camera (500Hz) was used to record the 2D kinematics data. The inverse dynamics solution was employed calculate the forces, moments and powers of the upper segment joints. From these data, we can understand the power balance within the segments.
The results were concluded as follows:
1. The mathematical model of truncated elliptical cone employed in this study present a very useful and accurate method for the calculation of body segment parameters.
2. By analyzing the acceleration stage of the tennis serve, the net joint forces, net joint moments and power simultaneously attained peak values at the time of contact.
3. The wrist joint has the greatest angular velocity, angular acceleration and joint power during the contact phase.
4. From the analysis of the motion of the upper extremities, it is realized that regular training on the elbow flexor will reduce likelihood of injury due to stress the flexor through eccentric contraction during acceleration phase.
Key Words: Biomechanics, Tennis, First Serve, Inverse Dynamics

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