研究生: |
簡偉倫 Wei-Lun Chien |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
大專聯賽公開一級男子排球選手心理資本對競技倦怠之預測 |
指導教授: |
季力康
Chi, Li-Kang |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
運動競技學系 Department of Athletic Performance |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 65 |
中文關鍵詞: | 自我效能 、復原力 、希望感 、樂觀 、運動心理學 |
英文關鍵詞: | self-efficacy, resilience, hope, optimism, sport psychology |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:259 下載:38 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究主要目的在瞭解大專聯賽公開一級男子排球選手心理資本對競技倦怠之預測情形。研究參與者為國內參加中華民國101學年度大專排球聯賽公開一級預賽,以12所大專院校代表隊之男子排球選手。經徵得選手同意後,共發出200份問卷,有效問卷為192份,平均年齡為20.6 ± 0.56歲。研究工具包括心理資本量表、競技倦怠量表問卷量表。經資料蒐集完成,以簡單相關與多元迴歸分析進行處理,得到以下幾點主要發現: (一) 男子排球選手競技倦怠之狀況方面,競技倦怠三個構面中,由高至低排序分別為,「運動的貶價」、「情緒身體耗竭」、「減低成就感」。 (二) 男子排球選手心理資本之狀況方面,心理資本四個構面中,由高至低排序分別為,「希望感」、「樂觀」、「自我效能」、「復原力」。 (三) 男子排球選手心理資本對競技倦怠之預測方面,心理資本能有效負向預測競技倦怠,而心理資本四個構面與競技倦怠各個構面都呈現負相關。
The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to understand the psychological capital and athletic burnout among Division I collegiate volleyball players; second, to examine the prediction of psychological capital on athletic burnout. The participants were 192 male volleyball players recruited from 12 Division I universities competed in University Volleyball League 2012. Their average age was 20.6 + 0.56 years. After received the informed consent from players, they were requested to complete a questionnaire to assess their psychological capital and athletic burnout. After the data collection, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that: (1) In terms of the athletic burnout, the degree of three constructs of athletic burnout from high to low were “devaluation of sport”, “emotional exhaustion” and “reduced sense of accomplishment” respectively. (2) In terms of the psychological capital, the degree of the four constructs of psychological capital from high to low were “hope”, “optimism”, “self-efficacy” and “resilience” respectively. (3) In terms of the prediction of psychological capital on athletic burnout, psychological capital negatively predicted the athletic burnout. Moreover, four constructs of psychological capital were all negatively correlated to each construct of athletic burnout.
一、中文部分
李新民(2009)。幼兒教師的心理資本及其與工作表現的潛在關聯。幼兒保育學
刊,7,1-23。
季力康(2011)。長期正向情緒對於建立心理復原力及預測大專運動員運動表現
與滿意度之研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。臺北市:國立台灣
師範大學體育學系。
林以君(1991)。運動專業學校中學生運動員生活壓力、社會支持之檢視及競
技倦怠關係之研究。未出版之碩士論文。桃園;國立體育學院體育研究所。
林幸台(1992)。警察職業倦怠之實證研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計
畫,計畫編號:NSC-88-2413-H-040-001。
徐木蘭(1984)。見樹又見林。臺北:經濟與生活出版事業公司。
夏淑蓉、盧俊宏(2002)。大專網球選手運動動機與運動身心倦怠之相關研究。
大專體育學刊,4卷1期,145-156頁。
陳建瑋、季力康(2011)。運動希望感對大專網球選手賽前狀態焦慮與自我設限
之預測:橫斷式與縱貫式研究。未出版博士論文,國立體育大學,桃園縣。
陳建瑋、季力康(2009)。希望感與2×2成就目標對大學生體育課表現之預測。口頭發表於2009國際運動心理學學術研討會。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
陳怡儒(2004)。家長式領導、團隊文化與籃球選手運動動機及身心倦怠之相關
研究。未出版之碩士論文,桃園縣,國立體育學院運動教練研究所。
陳雅琳(2002)。籃球運動選手目標取向、知覺動機氣候、運動身心狀況、情緒
反應與身心倦怠之研究。未出版之碩士論文,桃園縣,國立體育學院運動教
練研究所。
陳龍弘、蔡英美(2005)。華人家長式領導、運動員情緒感受與運動員競技倦怠
之關係研究。大專體育學刊,7卷2期,101-111頁。
陳瓊茶(2005)。大專運動員完美主義,目標取向及特質性焦慮對競技倦怠之相
關與預測研究。大專體育學刊,7卷1期,101-113頁。
康立群(2004)。棒球選手目標取向、知覺動機氣候、壓力因應策略、知覺因應
策略有效性與身心倦怠之相關研究。未出版之碩士論文,桃園縣,國立體育
學院運動教練研究所。
黃德祥(1986)。輔導人員專業枯竭或困難與克服之道。諮商與輔導,21期,
51頁。
張文馨、季力康(2011)。大專運動員心理資本、運動表現及主觀幸福感之相關
研究。台北市。國立臺灣師範大學體育學院研究所。
盧俊宏(2005)。運動員競技倦怠研究:相關概念交叉驗證與時間序列模式的探
討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫,計畫編號:
NSC93-2413-H-179-007。
劉馥綺、黃英哲(2008)。完美主義與運動心理堅韌性對競技倦怠之預測研究。
未出版之碩士論文。臺北市。國立臺北教育大學體育學院教練研究所。
二、英文部分
Adams, V. H., Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., King, E. A., Sigmon, D. R., & Pulvers, K. M. (2003). Hope in the workplace. In R. Giacolone & C. Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp.367-377). New York: Sharpe.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transaction using multi-factor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441-462.
Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2006). The high impact leader . New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions: A social cognitive
theory. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A. (1998). Personal and collective efficacy in human adaptation and change.
In Adair JG, Belanger D, & Dion KL (Eds.), Advances in psychological science, Vol. 1: Personal, social and cultural aspects (pp. 51-71). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Bandura A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In Locke EA (Ed.), The Blackwell handbook of principles of organizational behavior (pp. 120-136). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983) Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivation effects of goal systems. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-self efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 87-99.
Barling, J., & Abel, M. (1983) Self-efficacy beliefs and tennis performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7(3), 265-272.
Chi, L. (2004). Achievement goal theory. In T. Morris, & J. Summer (Eds.), Sport Psychology: Theory, research and applications (pp.152-174). Queensland: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.
Conner, D. (1993). Managing at the speed of change: How resilient managers succeed and prosper where others fail. New York: Villard Books.
Conner, D. (2003). Training & Development-Solutions at Sun Microsystems. Retrieved May 12, 2005, from http://www.odrinc.com.
Curry, L.A., & Snyder, C.R. (2000). Hope takes the field: Mind Matters in athletic performances. In C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures and applications (pp. 243-260). San Deigo, CA: Acdemic.
Curry, L.A., Snyder, C.R., Cook, D.L., Ruby, B.C., & Rehm, M. (1997). Role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1257-1267.
Cresswell, S., & Eklund, R.C. (2005a). Changes in athlete burnout and motivation over a 12-week league tournament. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 1957–1966.
Cresswell, S., & Eklund, R.C. (2005b). Motivation and burnout among top amateur rugby players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 469–477.
Cresswell, S.L., & Eklund, R.C. (2007). Athlete burnout: A longitudinal study. The Sport Psychologist, 21(1), 1–20.
Ducan, T. & McAuley, E. (1987) Efficacy expectations and perceptions ofcausality in motor performance. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9(4), 385-393.
Feltz, D. L. (1982). Path analysis of the causal elements in Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and an anxiety-based model of avoidance behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 764-781.
Galli, N., & Vealey, R. S. (2008). “Bouncing back” from adversity: Athletes’ experience of resilience. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 316-335.
Gill, D. L., & Martin, J. J. (1995). The relationship of competitive orientationsand self-efficacy to goal importance, thoughts and performance in highschool distance runners. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 50-62.
Gould,D.,Horn,T.,& Spreeman,J.(1983).Competitive anxiety in junior elite wrestlers.
Journal of sport Psychology,5,58-71.
Gould,D.,Tuffey,S.,Udry,E.,&Loehr,J(1996a).Burnout in competitive junior tennisplayers:I.A quantitative psychological assessment.The Sport Psychologist,
10(4),322-340.
Gould,D.,Tuffey,S.,Udry,E.,&Loehr,J.(1996b).Burnout in competitive junior tennisplayers:II.A quantitative analysis. The sport psychologist,10(4),341-366.
Gould,D.,Tuffey,S.,Udry,E.,&Loehr,J.(1997).Burnout in competitive junior tennisplayers:III. The sport psychologist,10(5),257-275.
Gould,D.,Dieffenback,K.,&Moffett,A.(2002).Paychological characteristics and their,
Development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport psychology,14,
172-204.
Gould, D., & Whitley, M. (2009). Sources and consequences of athletic burnout
among college athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Athletic. 2, 16-30.
Gustafsson, H., Kentta, G., Hassmen, P., Lindquist, C., & Durand-Bush, N. (2007).
The process of burnout: A multiple case study of 3 elite endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology,38, 388–416.
Goodger,K.,Gorely,T.,&Harwood,C.(2004).A systematic review of burnout in sport.
Paper presented at the 2004 Conference of the Association for the Advancement
of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP),Minneapolis,MN.
Hanin,Y.L.(2000).Emotion in Sport.Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics.Hamachek,D.E
.(1978).Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism.Psychology:
Journal of Human Behavior,15,27-33.
Hannah, S. T. (2006). Agentic leadership efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. Cleveland, OH: Word.
Harlick, M., & McKenzie, A. (2000). Burnout in junior tennis: A research report. The New Zealand Journal of Sports Medicine,28(2), 36–39.
Hosseini, S. A. & Besharat, M. A. (2010). Relation of resilience whit sport achievement and mental health in a ample of athletes. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 633-638.
Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2002). The impact of hope in the entrepreneurial
process: Exploratory research findings. In Decision Sciences Institute Conference Proceedings. San Diego, CA.
Jensen, S. M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Relationship between entrepreneurs’ psychological capital and their authentic leadership. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 254-273.
Kwon, P. (2000). Hope and dysphoria: The moderating role of defense mechanisms. Journal of Personality, 68, 199-223.
Kjormo, O., & Halvari, H. (2002). Relation of burnout with lack of time for being
with significant others, role conflict, cohesion, and self-confidence among Norwegian Olympic athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 795–804.
Lam, S., Chen, X., & Schaubroeck, J. (2002). Participative decision making and employee performance in different cultures: The moderating effects of allocentrism/idiocentrism and efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 45 , 905-914.
Lai, C., & Wiggins, M.S. (2003). Burnout perceptions over time in NCAA Division I
soccer players. International Sports Journal,7(2), 120–127.
LaMarch, J. (1997). The resilient worker: Employees who can cope with change. Hospital Material Management Quarterly, 19 (2), 54-58.
Larson, M., & Luthans, F. (2006). Potential added value of psychological capital in predicting work attitudes. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13, 44-61.
Larson, D., Pattison, E., Blazer, D., Omran, A., & Kaplan, B. (1986). Systematic analysis of research on religious variables in four major psychiatric journals,
1978-1982. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143 , 329-334.
Luthans, F. (2002). Invited essay on the need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 695-706.
Luthans, F. (2003). Positive organizational behavior (POB): Implications forleadership and HR development and motivation. In R.M. Steers, L.W. Porter, & G.A. Bigley (Eds.), Motivation and leadership at work (pp. 178-195). NewYork: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S., & Combs, G. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 387-393.
Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 209–221.
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2009). The “point” of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 291-307.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2006). Psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction (Working Paper No. 2006-1). Gallup Leadership Institute, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2006). The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate employee performance relationship. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 219-238.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., & Norman, S.M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Li, W. (2005). The psychological Capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1, 247-269.
Luthans, F., & Ibrayeva, E. S. (2006). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in central Asian
transition economies: Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Journal of International Business Studies, 3 , 92-110.
Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 1, 304-322.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K., Hodgetts, R., & Luthans, B. (2001). Positive approach to leadership (PAL): Implications for today's organizations. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8 (2), 3-20.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 143-160.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M, (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33, 321-349.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Maddux, J. E. (2002). Self-efficacy: The power of believing you can. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257-276). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Maslow, A. J. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of Being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-239.
Masten, A. S., & Reed, M. G. J. (2002). Resilience in development.In Snyde CR, Lopez SJ (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
May, D., Chan, A., Hodges, T., & Avolio, B. (2003). Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics,32, 247-260.
McGregor D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Miller, M. (1989) The relationship between efficacy strength and performance in competitive swimmers of different skill levels. (Doctoral dissertation,Florida State Univ., 1988) Dissertation Abracts International, 49(8), 2149A.
Neck, C. P., Neck, H. M., Manz, C. C., & Godwin, J. (1999). “I think I can;”: A self leadership perspective toward enhancing entrepreneurial thought patterns, self-efficacy, and performance. Journal of Management Psychology, 14, 477-501.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Relations between hope and graduate students' coping strategies for studying and examination taking. Psychological Reports, 86, 803-806.
Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44-55.
Peterson, S., & Luthans, F. (2003). The positive impact of development of hopeful leaders. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 24, 26-31.
Ramakrishna, H. (2002). The moderating role of updating climate perceptions in the relationship between goal orientation, self-efficacy, and job performance. Human Performance, 15, 275-297.
Richardson, G. (2002). The meta theory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58 , 307-321.
Raedeke,T.D.,& Smith,A.L.(2001).Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure.Journal of Sport and Exercise psychology,23,281-306.
Raedeke, T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2004). Coping resources and athlete burnout: An examination of stress: The mediation and moderation hypothesis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 525–541.
Raglin,J.S.,& Morgan,W.P.(1989).Development of a scale to measure training
Induceddistress.Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise,21(suppl)60.
Seligman MEP. (1998). Learned optimism. New York: Pocket Books.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14.
Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410-421.
Smith, C., & Carlson, B. (1997). Stress, coping, and resilience in children and youth. Social Service Review, 71, 231-256.
Snyder, C. R. (1994). Hope and optimism. Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol.2. pp.535-542). San Diego: Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (1995a). Conceptualizing, measuring, and nurturing hope. Journal of Counseling and Development, 73, 355-360.
Snyder, C. R. (1995b). Managing oh high hope. R & D lnnovator, 4(6),6 7.
Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope. San Diego: Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-276.
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S.T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.
Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S., Michael, S. T.,& Cheavens, J. (2000). Hope Theory: Updating a common process for psychological change. In C. R. Snyder, & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes and practices for the 21th century (pp.128-153). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Snyder, C. R., Irving, L., & Anderson, J. (1991). Hope and health: Measuring the will and the ways. In C. R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology (pp. 285-305). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Snyder, C. R., Lehman, K. A., Kluck, B., & Monsson, Y. (2006). Hope for rehabilitation and vice versa. Rehabilitation Psychology, 51, 89-112.
Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory. In C. R. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp.257-276).Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R, Sympson, S., Ybasco, F., Borders, T., Babyak, M., & Higgins, R. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70, 321-335.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond tradition l motivational and behavioral approaches. Organizational Dynamics, 26, 62-74.
Schmidt,G.W..,&Stein,G.L.(1991).Sport commitmemt:A model integrating enjoyment
,drop out ,and burnout.Journal of Sport and exercise psychology,8,254-265.
Stein,G.L,Raedeke,T.D.,&Glenn,S.D.(1999).Children’s perceptions of parent sport in
Volvement:It’s not how much,but to what degree that’s important.Journal of
Sport Behavior,22,591-601.
Silva,J.M.(1990).An analysis of training stress syndrome in competitive athlete.
Journal of Sport Behavior,2,5-30.
Smith,T.(1983).Competitive thait anxiety in youth sport:Differences according to
Age,sex,reac and playing status.Perceptual and Motor Skill,57,1235-1238.
Smith,R.E.(1986).Toward a cognitive-affective modol of athletic burnout. Journal of
Sport Psychology,8,36-50.
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137-1148.
Truxillo, D., Bauer, T., Campion, M., & Paronto, M. (2002). Selection fairness information and applicant reactions: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1020-1031.
Vickers, M. H., & Kouzmin, A. (2001). Resilience in organizational actors and rearticulating voice. Public Management Review, 3 (1), 95-119.
Waite, P., & Richardson, G. (2004). Determining the efficacy of resiliency training in the work site. Journal of Allied Health, 33, 178-183.
Walumbwa, F. O., Petersom, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Hartnell, C. A. (2010). An investigation of the relationships between leader and follower psychological capital, service climate and job performance. Personnel Psychology 63, 937-963.
Weinberg, R., Goud, D., Yukelson, D., & Jackson, A. (1981). The effectof preexisting and manipulated self-efficacy on competitive muscularendurance task. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3(4), 345-354.
Weinberg,R.S.,&Gould,D.(1999).Burnout and overtraining:Foundations of Sport and
Exercise Psychology(pp.433-451)Champaign,IL:Human Kin.Goodger,K.,Gorely
,T.,&Harwood,C.(2004).A systematic review of burnout in sport.Paper presented
At the 2004 Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport
Psychology(AAASP).Minneapolis,MIN.
Youssef, C. M. (2004). Resiliency development of organizations, leaders and employees: Multi-level theory building and individual-level, path-analytical empirical testing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2005). A positive organizational behavior approach to ethical performance. In R. A. Giacalone, C. Jurkiewicz, & C. Dunn (Eds.), Positive psychology in business ethics and corporate social responsibility (pp.1-22). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Youssef, C. M., &Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in theworkplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800.