研究生: |
黎樂山 Yaoshan Li |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
幼兒情緒調節策略、照顧者反應與幼兒氣質之關係 The Relationships between Young Children’s Emotional Regulation Strategy, Parental Reaction and Young Children’s Temperament |
指導教授: |
程景琳
Cheng, Ching-Ling 簡淑真 Chien, Shu-Chen |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人類發展與家庭學系 Department of Human Development and Family Studies |
論文出版年: | 2007 |
畢業學年度: | 95 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 211 |
中文關鍵詞: | 情緒調節 、情緒調節策略 、照顧者反應 、氣質 |
英文關鍵詞: | emotion regulation, emotional regulation strategy, parental reaction, temperament |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:359 下載:200 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究之主要目的為探討幼兒情緒調節策略以及相關因素,包括幼兒氣質、照顧者反應方式以及其他背景變項(幼兒性別、照顧者類型、照顧者年齡、照顧者教育程度)。
為瞭解以上概念,本研究編製及修訂了「幼兒情緒調節策略量表」、「照顧者對幼兒負向情緒反應問卷」,以台北縣市大班幼兒照顧者為對象進行調查。其中預試問卷共發出三百五十份、回收有效問卷二百一十四份,正式問卷共發出四百五十三份,回收有效問卷二百九十六份;數十位幼托園所教師亦同時以「幼兒氣質量表」評估幼兒的氣質特性。此外,本研究也招募八位不同性別、排行、社經地位、學校類型的孩子之照顧者進行半結構式訪談。並藉由積差相關、多元迴歸、單因子多變量變異數分析、質性分析等方式以瞭解問卷與訪談中所呈現之幼兒情緒調節、照顧者反應以及幼兒氣質之間的關係。
本研究主要發現如下:
一、整體而言,照顧者在面對幼兒負向情緒時愈常使用「鼓勵表達」、「問題導向」、「情緒導向」反應,愈少使用「心情低落」、「懲罰」、「降低嚴重性」反應,幼兒愈常使用認知型策略;而照顧者愈常使用「心情低落」、「懲罰」、「降低嚴重性」反應,愈少使用「鼓勵表達」、「問題導向」、「情緒導向」反應,幼兒愈常使用行為型策略。
二、單獨從幼兒的情緒調節策略來看,其使用頻率依次為「尋求照顧者」、「語言表達」、「認知引導」、「攻擊」及「發洩安撫」。且幼兒氣質會影響他們的情緒調節策略表現:從六項氣質向度來看,幼兒的適應性愈佳、趨避性愈屬趨向、情緒強度愈強,愈常使用認知型策略;幼兒的活動量愈大、注意力愈分散、堅持度愈低,愈常使用行為型策略。另外,比較由各氣質向度組成的氣質類型幼兒可發現:「中庸型」幼兒在認知型策略的使用多於「好動型」與「退縮型」幼兒,「好動型」幼兒在行為型策略的使用多於「中庸型」與「退縮型」幼兒。
三、單獨從照顧者面對幼兒負向情緒的反應來看,照顧者較常出現「問題導向」、「情緒導向」及「鼓勵表達」反應;較少出現「降低嚴重性」、「懲罰」及「心情低落」反應。此外,不同類型、不同教育程度的照顧者在反應上亦有所不同。
一、 中文部分
于思靜(2000)。三歲孩子的情緒調節策略發展。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告(報告編號:NSC 89-2413-H-126-001),未出版。
王珮玲(1995)。幼兒發展評量與輔導。台北:心理出版社。
王珮玲(1999)。幼兒氣質研究。台北:小太陽。
王珮玲(2003)。兒童氣質:基本特性與社會構成。台北:心理出版社。
王珮玲(2004)。家長知覺氣質發展的穩定和變化:六歲至十歲兒童追蹤研究。臺北市立師範學院學報,35(2),61-84頁。
江文慈(1999)。情緒調整的發展軌跡與模式建構之研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文(未出版)。
呂翠夏與張鳳吟(2005)。幼兒的情緒性、情緒調節、與其同儕互動之關係。發表於第四十四屆台灣心理學年會。中壢:私立中原大學。
李玟儀(2002)。國小高年級學童氣質、親子關係與其情緒調整之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
李美瑩(1994)。兒童學齡氣質、家庭氣氛與學業成績之相關。國立政治大學教育研究碩士論文(未出版)。
李梅齡(2003)。年齡、氣質、情緒調節、創作性戲劇教學與幼兒創造力之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
沈怡婷(2006)。母親介入與否、幼兒情緒反應強度與情緒調整策略之相關研究。臺北市立教育大學兒童發展研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
林生傳(2000)。教育社會學。高雄:復文。
林彥君(2002)。照顧者的情緒智力、幼兒情緒調節能力及其人際關係之探究。國立台北護理學院嬰幼兒保育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
林昭慧(1999)。幼兒在幼兒園中情緒調節之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
林娟娟(2004)。幼兒的情緒調節---在小群生活事件中的探究。國立台北師範學院/幼兒教育研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
林清山(2000)。心理與教育統計學。台北:東華書局。
林慧姿(2003)。國小六年級學童自尊、情緒調節與友誼之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
徐澄清(1999)。因材施教-從出生的第一天開始。台北:健康世界雜誌社。
張美惠(譯)(1996)。Goleman, D.著。EQ。台北:時報。(原著出版年:1995)。
陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐與劉子鍵(2005)。多變項分析方法—統計軟體應用。台北:五南。
陳彥穎(2001)。國小高年級情緒智力與生活適應之相關因素探討。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
黃世琤(譯)(2004)。Sroufe, L. A.著。情緒發展:早期情緒經驗結構。嘉義:濤石文化。(原著出版年:1995)
黃世琤、李麗雯、陳慧芳、蔡旻錡與高淑凌(2005)。本地與外籍新娘子女於一歲至二歲間在認知與社會情境中嬰兒情緒反應與調節之探討。論文發表於第四十四屆台灣心理學年會。中壢:私立中原大學。
黃世琤、李麗雯與蔡旻錡(2006)。外籍新娘嬰幼兒因應母親要求時的情緒反應之追蹤研究。論文發表於第四十五屆台灣心理學年會。台北:私立東吳大學。
黃素英(1994)。由互動層次探討依附系統中的情緒變動 。國立台灣大學心理學系碩士論文(未出版)。
葉光輝(2002)。父母的後設情緒理念類型及測量。載於胡台麗、許木柱、葉光輝編:情感、情緒與文化(頁267-297)。台北:中央研究院。
劉壽懷(譯)(1996)。Gottman, J. & DeClaire, J.著。怎樣教養高EQ小孩。台北:時報。(原著出版年:1996)
蔣雅琳(2005)。父母的後設情緒理念對幼兒情緒調節能力的影響。國立臺南大學幼兒教育學系碩士論文(未出版)。
蕭瑞玲(2001)。國小學童情緒調整及相關因素之研究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文(未出版)。
蕭翊杰與葉光輝(2000)。父母的後設情緒理念類型與孩子的情緒調節能力。載於「家人關係及其心理歷程:第五屆華人心理與行為科際學術研討會」論文集。台北:中央研究院。
二、 西文部分
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Altschuler, J. L., & Ruble, D. N. (1989). Developmental changes in children’s awareness of strategies for coping with uncontrollable stress. Child Development, 60, 1337- 1349.
Band, E. B., & Weisz, J. R. (1988). How to feel better when it feels bad: Children's perspective on coping with everyday stress. Development Psychology, 24, 247-253.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Bond, M. H. (1991). Beyond the Chinese Face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Brenner, E., & Salovey, P. (Eds.), (1997). Emotion Regulation During Childhood: Development, Interpersonal, and Individual Considerations. NY: BasicBooks.
Bridges, L. J., Denham, S. A., & Ganiban, J. M. (2004). Definitional issues in emotion regulation research. Child Development, 75(2), 340-345.
Brody, L., & Hall, J.A. (1993). Gender and emotion. In J. H. M. Lewis (Ed.), Handbook of emotions (447-460). New York: Guilford Press.
Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 53-72.
Campos, J. J., Mummeet, R. K., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 59, 284-300.
Capsi, A., & Silva, P.A. (1995). Temperament qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen. Child Development, 66, 486-498.
Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotional regulation. In J. Garber, & K. Dodge (Eds.), The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation (15-48). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 73-100.
Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development Research. Child Development, 75(2), 317-333.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (1997). Self-efficacy and parenting quality: Findings and future applications. Developmental Review, 18, 47–85.
Compas, B. E., Malcarne, V. L., & Fondacaro, K. M. (1988). coping with stressful events in older children and young adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 405-411.
Crick, N.R., & Dodge, K.A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74-101.
Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotion regulation. In S. A. Denham (Ed.), Emotional Development in Young Children (147-169). NY: The Guilford Press.
Derryberry, D., & Rothbart, M. K. (1988). Arousal, affective and attentional components of adult temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 953–966.
Dodge, K. A. (1991). Emotion and social information processing. In J., Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ebata, A. T., & Moss, R. H. (1991). Coping and adjustment in distressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Applied and Developmental Pschology,12, 33-54.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Nyman, M., Bernzweig,J., & Pinuelas, A. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to young children's anger-related reactions. Child Development, 65, 109-128.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Garlo, G., & Karbon, M. (1992). Emotional responsivity to others: Behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents. In N. Eisenberg & R. A. Fabes (Eds.), Emotion and its Regulation in Early Development: New Directions in Child Development(pp. 57-74). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1994). Mothers' reactions to children's negative emotions: Relations to children's temperament and anger behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 138-156.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Maszk, P., Smith, M. & Karbon, M. (1995). The role of emotionality and regulation in children’s social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1360–1384.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Murphy, B. C. (1996). Parents’ reactions to children’s negative emotions: Relations to children’s social competence and comforting behavior. Child Development, 67, 227–247.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., Carlo, G., & Juhnke, C. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Child Development, 67, 974-992.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Guthrie, I. K., Jones, S., Friedman, L., Pouin, R., & Maszk, P. (1997a). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children’s social functioning from regulation and emotionality. Child Development, 68, 642-664.
Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Holgren, R., Maszk, P., & Losoya, S. (1997b). The relations of regulation and emotionality to resiliency and competent social functioning in elementary school children. Child Development, 68, 295-311.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children’s negative emotions : longitudinal relations to quality of children’s social functioning. Child Development, 70, 513-534.
Fabes, R. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1992). Young children’s coping with interpersonal anger. Child Development, 63(1), 116-128.
Fox, N. A. (1994). Dynamic cerebral processes underlying emotion regulation. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 152 – 166.
Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (1991). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Garber, J., Braafladt, N. & Zeman, J. (1991). The regulation of sad affect: an information-processing approach. In Garber, J., & Dodge, K. A. (1991). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gentzler, A. L., Contreras, J. M., Kerns, K. A., & Weimer, B. L. (2005). Parent-child emotional communication and children’s coping in middle childhood. Social Development, 14, 591–612.
Goldsmith, H. H., & Campos, J. J. (1986). Fundamental issues in the study of early temperament: The Denver twin study. In M. E. Lamb & A. Brown (Eds.), Advances in Developmental Psychology (pp. 231-283). NY: Erlbaum.
Gopnik, A., & Astington, J.W. (1988). Children’s understanding of the representation change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 59, 26-37.
Gottman, J., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268.
Grolnick, W. S., Bridges, L. J., & Connell, J. P. (1996). Emotion regulation in two-year-olds: Strategies and emotional expression in four contexts. Child Development, 67, 928-941.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 224-237.
Hoffner, C. (1993). Children's strategies for coping with stress: Blunting and monitoring. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 91-106.
Hycner, R. H.(1985). Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Human Studies, 8, 279-303.
Hyson, M. C. (1994). The Emotional Development of Young Children:Building an Emotion-Centered Curriculum. NY: Teachers College Press.
Langlois, J. H. (2004). Emotion and emotion regulation: From another perspective. Child Development, 75(2), 315-316.
Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. (1994). Introduction to cultural psychology and emotion reserach. In S. Kitayama, & H., Markus (Eds.), Emotion and Culture. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Keogh, B. K. (2003). What is Temperament? In Temperament in the Classroom (pp. 11-25). Los Angeles: Paul H. Books Publishing.
Kopp, C. B., & Neufeld, S. J. (2003). Emotional development during infancy. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Sciences. NY: Oxford University Press.
Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotion: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 343-354.
Labouvie-Vief, G., Hakim-Larson, J., DeVoe, M., & Schoeberlein, S. (1989). Emotion and self-regulation: A life span view. Human Development, 32, 279-299.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. NY: Springer.
Ledoux, J. E. (1995). Emotion: clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 209-235.
Lemerise, E., & Arsenio, W. (2000). An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Child development, 71(1), 107-118.
Lerner, J. V. (1984). The import of temperament for psychosocial functioning: Tests of a goodness of fit model. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30(2), 177-188.
Lyons, W. (1999). In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Lytton, H. (1990). Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A reinterpretation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 683-697.
Masters, J. C., Ford, M. E., & Arend, R. A. (1983). Children’s strategies for controlling affective responses to aversive social experience. Motivation and Emotion, 7, 103-116.
Miller, P. H. (2004). Theories of Developmental Psychology. NY: Worth Publisher.
Miller, S. M. & Green, M. L. (1985). Coping with stress and frustration: Origins, nature, and development. In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The Socialization of Emotions. NY: Plenum.
Mischel, H. N., & Mischel, W. (1983). The development of children’s knowledge of self control strategies. Child Development, 54, 603-619.
Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999). Classifying affect-regulation strategies. Cognition and Emotion, 13(3), 277-303.
Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. (1985). Temperament and the development of self-regulation. In L. C. Hartlage, & C. F. Telzrow (Eds.), The Neuropsychology of Individual Differences: A Developmental Perspective (pp. 93-123). NY: Plenum.
Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 790-803.
Saarni, C. (1997). Emotional Competence and self-regulation in childhood. In P. Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implication for Educators. NY: Basic Books.
Saarni, C. (1999). A skill-based model of emotional competence: a developmental perspective. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Albuquerque, NM, April 15-18.
Sandler, I. N., Tein, J. Y., & West, S. G. (1994). Coping, stress, and psychological symptoms of children of divorce: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Child Development, 65, 1744–1763.
Scherer, K. R. (2003). Introduction: cognitive components of emotion. In Davidson, R. Y., & Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shaffer, D. R. (1999a). Emotional development and the establishment of intimate relationships. In D. R. Shaffer (Ed.), Developmental Psychology (5 ed., pp. 391-471). NY: Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Company.
Shaffer, D. R. (1999b). Sex difference and gender-role development. In D. R. Shaffer (Ed.), Developmental Psychology (5 ed., pp. 472-507). NY: Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Company.
Spinrad, T. L., Stifter, C. A., Donelan-McCall, N., & Turner, L.(2004). Mothers’ regulation strategies in response to toddlers’ affect: Links to later emotion self-regulation. Social Development, 13(1), 40-55.
Stansbury, K., & Sigman, M.(2000).Responses of preschoolers in two frustrating episodes: Emergence of complex strategies for emotion regulation. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(2), 182-202.
Keenan, T. (2002). Negative affect predicts performance on an object permanence task. Development Science, 5(1), 65-71.
Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and Development. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educational Psychology Review, 3(4), 269-307.
Thompson, R. A. (1994).Emotional regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 25-52.
Thompson, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163-182.
Thompson, R.A., & Lamb, M. E. (1984). Assessing qualitative dimensions of emotional responsiveness in infants: Separation reactions in the strange situation. Infant Behavior And Development, 7, 423-445.
Walden, T. A., & Smith, M. C. (1997). Emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 7-25.
Wang, Q. (2001). "Did you have fun?" American and Chinese mother-child conversations about shared emotional experiences. Cognitive Development, 16, 693-715.
Windle, M., & Lerner, R. M. (1984). The role of temperament in dating relationships among young adults. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30(2), 163-175.
Zeman, J., & Shipman, K. (1997). Social-contextual influences on expectancies for managing anger and sadness: The transition from middle childhood to adolescence. Development Psychology, 33(6), 917-924.