研究生: |
楊佾修 Yang, I-Hsiu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
中華珈蟌替代性繁殖策略與型值特徵的相關性 Correlation between Larger Body Mass, Smaller Wing and Alternative Reproductive Tactics in Psolodesmus mandarinus Damselflies |
指導教授: |
林仲平
Lin, Chung-Ping |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
生命科學系 Department of Life Science |
論文出版年: | 2018 |
畢業學年度: | 106 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 94 |
中文關鍵詞: | 替代性繁殖策略 、珈蟌科 、雄性競爭 、繁殖成功 、蜻蛉目 、領域性 |
英文關鍵詞: | alternative mating tactics, Calopterygidae, male-male competition, mating success, Odonata, territoriality |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/THE.NTNU.SLS.022.2018.D01 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:104 下載:8 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
替代性繁殖策略( alternative reproductive tactics, ARTs )是指雄性物種透過不同的形態及行為等,來增加交配成功的機會。在蜻蛉中,成熟雄性以環境資源或自體能量為依據使用不同的繁殖策略 (領域型、無領域型/徘徊型/潛行型,或是於兩者間搖擺)。在近期分化的蜻蛉,透過性擇所形成之不同繁殖策略的演化,可能加速其種化的過程。然而,我們對於在高度相近但表型分化的蜻蛉物種之間,ARTs的相對影響所知甚少。本研究調查台灣豆娘兩鄰域分布的亞種:中華珈蟌 (Psolodesmus mandarinus)指名亞種 (P. m. mandarinus) 及南台亞種 (P. m. dorothea) ,探討其ARTs的起因及結果。調查結果指出,兩亞種雄性均利用相同的三種繁殖策略,包含領域型 (territorial)、無領域型 (non-territorial) ,及搖擺型 (switching)。在福山植物園的指名亞種族群中,增加體重和減少後翅面積,與增加領域性相關。相較於無領域型雄性,領域型及搖擺型雄性有較高的交配機會 (即最少交配過一次)。然而,僅搖擺型雄性而不是領域型雄性,相對於無領域型個體有較高的交配成功。相較之下,蓮華池中南台亞種族群,則沒有任何身體形質和領域性相關。僅搖擺型雄蟲,而非領域性雄蟲,相較於無領域型個體有較高交配機會。南台亞種雄性的三種繁殖策略對其交配成功沒有顯著影響。在兩中華珈蟌亞種,搖擺型雄蟲而非領域型雄蟲有較高適存度 (fitness)。結果顯示在形態特徵與適存度和ARTs的相關性上,可能是由於棲地差異或觀察者效應導致。
Males of the many animal species use alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) to obtain mating opportunity and reproductive success. In odonate species, adult males employ various genetically or conditionally based mating tactics (territoriality, non-territoriality/wandering/sneaking, or switching between the two). The evolution of different ARTs via sexual selection in recently diverged odonate species may have facilitated their speciation process. However, the relative effects of the ARTs between closely related but phenotypically divergent odonate species is poorly known. This study investigated the causes and consequences of the ARTs in two parapatrically distributed subspecies of Taiwanese Psolodesmus mandarinus damselflies, P. m. mandarinus and P. m. dorothea. The observations indicate that the males of both subspecies employ the same three mating tactics, including territorial, switching, and non-territorial. In P. m. mandarinus population of Fusan, an increase in body mass and decrease in hindwing area is associated with an increase in territoriality. Compared to non-territorial males, territorial and switching P. m. mandarnus males have higher mating opportunity (i.e. to engage in at least one mating). However, only switching but not territorial P. m. mandarnus males have higher mating success than non-territorial males. In contrast, none of the body size indicators are associated with territoriality in P. m. dorothea population of Lianhuachi. Only the switching but not territorial P. m. dorothea males had higher mating opportunity than non-territorial males. The mating tactics of P. m. dorothea males had no significant effect on their mating success. In both P. mandarinus subspecies, the switching males instead of territorial males, appear to have the highest fitness. These results suggest that the ARTs of the two P. mandarinus subspecies were different in their associations of morphological traits and fitness consequences, which may be due to habitat differences or observer effects.
Andersson, M. B. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton University Press.
Anderson, C. N., Cordoba‐Aguilar, A., Drury, J. P., & Grether, G. F. (2011). An assessment of marking techniques for odonates in the family Calopterygidae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 141(3), 258-261.
Arnott, G., & Elwood, R. W. (2009). Assessment of fighting ability in animal contests. Animal Behaviour, 77(5), 991-1004.
Austad, S. N. (1984). A classification of alternative reproductive behaviours and methods for field-testing ESS models. American Zoologist, 24(2), 309-319.
Cade, W. (1980). Alternative male reproductive behaviours. The Florida Entomologist, 63(1), 30-45.
Clotfelter, E. D., Johnson, E. M., Anderson, C., & Earley, R. L. (2017). Evidence for male alternative reproductive tactics in convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) in Lake Xiloá, Nicaragua. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 100(6), 655-662.
Contreras-Garduño, J., Canales-Lazcano, J., & Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2006). Wing pigmentation, immune ability, fat reserves and territorial status in males of the rubyspot damselfly, Hetaerina americana. Journal of Ethology, 24(2), 165-173.
Cogliati, K. M., Mistakidis, A. F., Marentette, J. R., Lau, A., Bolker, B. M., Neff, B. D., & Balshine, S. (2014). Comparing population level sexual selection in a species with alternative reproductive tactics. Behavioral Ecology, 25(6), 1524-1533.
Corbet, P. S. (1980). Biology of odonata. Annual Review of Entomology, 25(1), 189-217.
Cordero, A. (1999). Forced copulations and female contact guarding at a high male density in a calopterygid damselfly. Journal of Insect Behavior, 12(1), 27-37.
Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2002). Wing pigmentation in territorial male damselflies, Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis: a possible relation to sexual selection. Animal Behaviour, 63(4), 759-766.
Córdoba-Aguilar, A., & Cordero-Rivera, A. (2005). Evolution and ecology of Calopterygidae (Zygoptera: Odonata): status of knowledge and research perspectives. Neotropical Entomology, 34(6), 861-879.
Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Lesher-Treviño, A. C., & Anderson, C. N. (2007). Sexual selection in Hetaerina titia males: a possible key species to understand the evolution of pigmentation in calopterygid damselflies (Odonata: Zygoptera). Behaviour, 144(8), 931-952.
Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (Ed.). (2008). Dragonflies and damselflies: model organisms for ecological and evolutionary research. Oxford University Press.
de Oliveira Gordinho, L., Matheu, E., Hasselquist, D., & Neto, J. M. (2015). Song divergence between subspecies of reed bunting is more pronounced in singing styles under sexual selection. Animal Behaviour, 107, 221-231.
Dominey, W. J. (1984). Alternative mating tactics and evolutionarily stable strategies. American Zoologist, 24(2), 385-396.
Emlen, D. J. (1997). Alternative reproductive tactics and male-dimorphism in the horned beetle Onthophagus acuminatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 41(5), 335-341.
Fitzstephens, D. M., & Getty, T. (2000). Colour, fat and social status in male damselflies, Calopteryx maculata. Animal Behaviour, 60(6), 851-855.
Forsyth, A., & Montgomerie, R. D. (1987). Alternative reproductive tactics in the territorial damselfly Calopteryx maculata: sneaking by older males. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology, 21(2), 73-81.
González-Soriano, E., & Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2003). Sexual behaviour in Paraphlebia quinta Calvert: male dimorphism and a possible example of female control (Zygoptera: Megapodagrionidae). Odonatologica, 32(4), 345-353.
Grether, G. F. (1996). Sexual selection and survival selection on wing coloration and body size in the rubyspot damselfly Hetaerina americana. Evolution, 50(5), 1939-1948.
Gross, M. R. (1996). Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: diversity within sexes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 11(2), 92-98.
Guillermo-Ferreira, R., Therézio, E. M., Gehlen, M. H., Bispo, P. C., & Marletta, A. (2014). The role of wing pigmentation, UV and fluorescence as signals in a neotropical damselfly. Journal of Insect Behavior, 27(1), 67-80.
Guillermo-Ferreira, R., Gorb, S. N., Appel, E., Kovalev, A., & Bispo, P. C. (2015). Variable assessment of wing colouration in aerial contests of the red-winged damselfly Mnesarete pudica (Zygoptera, Calopterygidae). The Science of Nature, 102(3-4), 13.
Hadfield, J. D. (2010). MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: the MCMCglmm R package. Journal of Statistical Software, 33(2), 1-22.
Hiebert, S. M., Stoddard, P. K., & Arcese, P. (1989). Repertoire size, territory acquisition and reproductive success in the song sparrow. Animal Behaviour, 37, 266-273.
Huffard, C. L., Caldwell, R. L., & Boneka, F. (2008). Mating behavior of Abdopus aculeatus (d’Orbigny 1834) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in the wild. Marine Biology, 154(2), 353-362.
Koskimäki, J., Rantala, M. J., & Suhonen, J. (2009). Wandering males are smaller than territorial males in the damselfly Calopteryx virgo (L.)(Zygoptera: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica, 38(2), 159-165.
Lefevre, K., & Muehter, V. (2004). Competition for mating resources in a territorial damselfly (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 39(2), 159-165.
Lin, S. C., Chen, Y. F., Shieh, S. H., & Yang, P. S. (2012). Patterns of mitochondrial and wing morphological differentiation in Taiwanese populations of Psolodesmus mandarinus McLachlan (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica, 41(2), 109.
Lin, S. C., Chen, Y. F., Shieh, S. H., & Yang, P. S. (2014). A revision of the status of Psolodesmus mandarinus based on molecular and morphological evidence (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica, 43(1/2), 51-66.
Marden, J. H., & Cobb, J. R. (2004). Territorial and mating success of dragonflies that vary in muscle power output and presence of gregarine gut parasites. Animal Behaviour, 68(4), 857-865.
Matsubara, K., Tojo, S., & Suzuki, N. (2005). Age-related changes in flight muscle mass, lipid reserves and flight capacity during adult maturation in males of the territorial damselfly Calopteryx atrata (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zoological Science, 22(5), 587-592.
Musilová, Z., Musil, P., Fuchs, R., & Poláková, S. (2011). Territory settlement and site fidelity in Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Bird Study, 58(1), 68-77.
Noble, D. W., Wechmann, K., Keogh, J. S., & Whiting, M. J. (2013). Behavioral and morphological traits interact to promote the evolution of alternative reproductive tactics in a lizard. The American Naturalist, 182(6), 726-742.
Nomakuchi, S., & Higashi, K. (1996). Competitive habitat utilization in the damselfly, Mnais nawai (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) coexisting with a related species, Mnais pruinosa. Researches on Population Ecology, 38(1), 41-50.
Opaev, A. S., & Panov, E. N. (2016). Space use in territorial and non-territorial male Calopteryx splendens (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Odonatologica, 45(1-2), 57-76.
Outomuro, D., Rodríguez-Martínez, S., Karlsson, A., & Johansson, F. (2014). Male wing shape differs between condition-dependent alternative reproductive tactics in territorial damselflies. Animal Behaviour, 91, 1-7.
Pärt, T., & Qvarnström, A. (1997). Badge size in collared flycatchers predicts outcome of male competition over territories. Animal Behaviour, 54(4), 893-899.
Plaistow, S. J., & Tsubaki, Y. (2000). A selective trade–off for territoriality and non–territoriality in the polymorphic damselfly Mnais costalis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 267(1447), 969-975.
Plaistow, S. J., Johnstone, R. A., Colegrave, N., & Spencer, M. (2004). Evolution of alternative mating tactics: conditional versus mixed strategies. Behavioural Ecology, 15(4), 534-542.
Qvarnström, A., Vallin, N., & Rudh, A. (2012). The role of male contest competition over mates in speciation. Current Zoology, 58(3), 493-509.
R Core Team (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
Raihani, G., Serrano-Meneses, M. A., & Córdoba-Aguilar, A. (2008). Male mating tactics in the American rubyspot damselfly: territoriality, non-territoriality and switching behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 75(6), 1851-1860.
Ramírez-Delgado, J., López-García, K., Lara, C., & Serrano-Meneses, M. A. (2015). Wing pigmentation in males of a territorial damselfly: alternative reproductive tactics, allometry and mating success. Journal of Insect Behaviour, 28(5), 569-581.
Rantala, M. J., Honkavaara, J., & Suhonen, J. (2010). Immune system activation interacts with territory-holding potential and increases predation of the damselfly Calopteryx splendens by birds. Oecologia, 163(4), 825-832.
Schultz, T. D., & Fincke, O. M. (2009). Structural colours create a flashing cue for sexual recognition and male quality in a Neotropical giant damselfly. Functional Ecology, 23(4), 724-732.
Seehausen, O., & Schluter, D. (2004). Male–male competition and nuptial–colour displacement as a diversifying force in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 271(1546), 1345-1353.
Selz, O. M., Thommen, R., Pierotti, M. E. R., Anaya-Rojas, J. M., & Seehausen, O. (2016). Differences in male coloration are predicted by divergent sexual selection between populations of a cichlid fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 283(1830), 20160172.
Serrano-Meneses, M. A., Córdoba-Aguilar, A., Méndez, V., Layen, S. J., & Székely, T. (2007). Sexual size dimorphism in the American rubyspot: male body size predicts male competition and mating success. Animal Behaviour, 73(6), 987-997.
Shuster, S. M., & Wade, M. J. (2003). Mating systems and strategies. Princeton University Press.
Sinervo, B., & Lively, C. M. (1996). The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature, 380(6571), 240.
Siva-Jothy, M. T. (1999). Male wing pigmentation may affect reproductive success via female choice in a calopterygid damselfly (Zygoptera). Behaviour, 136(10), 1365-1377.
Svensson, E. I., Eroukhmanoff, F., & Friberg, M. (2006). Effects of natural and sexual selection on adaptive population divergence and premating isolation in a damselfly. Evolution, 60(6), 1242-1253.
Taborsky, M. (1994). Sneakers, satellites, and helpers: parasitic and cooperative behaviour in fish reproduction. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 23(1), 100.
Taborsky, M., Oliveira, R. F., & Brockmann, H. J. (2008). The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics: concepts and questions. Alternative reproductive tactics: an integrative approach, 1-21.
Toivanen, T., Rantala, M. J., & Suhonen, J. (2009). Influence of alternative mating tactics on predation risk in the damselfly Calopteryx virgo. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 87(8), 684-688.
Thornhill, R., & Alcock, J. (1983). The evolution of insect mating systems. Harvard University Press.
Tsubaki, Y., & Ono, T. (1986). Competition for territorial sites and alternative mating tactics in the dragonfly, Nannophya pygmaea Rambur (Odonata: Libellulidae). Behaviour, 97(3), 234-252.
Tsubaki, Y., Hooper, R. E., & Siva-Jothy, M. T. (1997). Differences in adult and reproductive lifespan in the two male forms of Mnais pruinosa costalis Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 39(2), 149-155.
Tsubaki, Y. (2003). The genetic polymorphism linked to mate-securing strategies in the male damselfly Mnais costalis Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Population Ecology, 45(3), 263-266.
Vande Velde, L., & Van Dyck, H. (2013). Lipid economy, flight activity and reproductive behaviour in the speckled wood butterfly: on the energetic cost of territory holding. Oikos, 122(4), 555-562.
Waage, J. K. (1973). Reproductive Behavior and Its Relation to Territoriality in Calopteryx maculate (Beauvois) (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Behaviour, 47(3), 240-256.
Wacker, S., & Amundsen, T. (2014). Mate competition and resource competition are inter-related in sexual selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 27(3), 466-477.