研究生: |
封四維 Sweet Feng |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
多元智慧之教學實踐----一個教師的行動研究 An Educational action research of Mutiple Intelligence teaching practice |
指導教授: |
李永吟
Lee, Yong-Yin |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育學系 Department of Education |
畢業學年度: | 87 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 168 |
中文關鍵詞: | 多元智慧 、英語教學 |
英文關鍵詞: | Mutiple Intelligence, English teaching |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:272 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討多智慧理論之教學實踐,認為學習的關鍵原則是教師每天都能啟發孩子所擁有的多元智慧,給予明朗化經驗,落實以學生為中心的學習方式,帶動所有學生學習的興趣與熱忱。採教師主導或學生分組學習,嘗試結合理論與實際,塑造一現行國中英語科進行多元智慧教學的可行模式,以促使語言教育生活化,學習適性化。
本研究除作多元智慧的理論探討,行動研究與反省日誌的資料分析外,教學前作父母觀察與學生自我多元智慧的交叉評估,教學中作觀察記錄與實作評量,教學後作學習效能記錄比較,以瞭解傳統英語科學習教室和多元智慧教學設計教室的差異。綜合理論分析與行動研究的結果,得到以下的發現:
一、 單元設計融合主題式學習,可啟動學生的內在學習動機,產生最適經驗,配合多元評量,可建構學習知識的統整性與關連性。
二、 單元設計融合情境式學習,可串連單元課程內容的句型結構與情境脈絡以帶動學習效果,且可培養自我解決問題的能力。
三、 對學生要能容許錯誤與等待,把小錯化為回饋過程,經過反省與修正,成效會更佳。
四、 不論教師主導與學生選擇之多元智慧教學,教師策略的運用與引導態度是最重要的,好奇與有趣是帶動學習的主要力量。
五、 運用多元智慧教學,使得學業成績與學校各項競賽,均能發揮不同智慧的潛能,表現優異。
六、 多元評量可激勵學生的學習潛能與成就動機,間接引領了資料搜尋的學習行動。
根據研究結果與發現,對現行國中多元智慧教學實踐,提出以下建議:
一、 理念是一種內隱的,看不見的東西 教師只應用其教學技巧,而忽略其教學理念,則產生迷思與偏差,形成理念與教學實踐技巧的混淆。
二、 重視教師專業品質的提昇,以破解統一課程進度及看重考試成績的迷思。
三、 在學校教育的歷程中,教師不可用同等的標準衡量所有的學生。
四、 重視行動研究的日誌反省與自我內在對話與反省,成立教師的成長團體,讓學校成為一學習性組織。
An educational action research of Multiple Intelligence teaching practice
Abstract
Sweet Feng
The fundamental reason for the study was to examine the implementation process of Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligence in a junior high school in Taipei. The main aims of the study are to improve the quality of teaching, teaching effectiveness and performance assessment. The data presented provides a framework for implementation.
The standard of English education could be raised by using action research focused on the school/teacher basis. Teachers on the campus could develop themselves to better their teaching. The objective of MI teaching is to develop the students' dominant intelligences and then reconstruct their own thinking styles. It is more important to crystallize the students' experiences and inspire their brain strength. MI assessment tools provied varying profiles of students' strengths and weaknesses.
The analysis of the data revealed the following main findings:
1. Theme-Based Interdisciplinary learning may cause intrinsic motivation and bring out optimal experiences, and meanwhile, alse causing integratiion of knowledge.
2. Situated learning may combine the contents and situated context, in order to bring about accomplishment and problem-solving.
3. Giving students time to think about allows students to reflect, to correct mistakes by themselves and work more efficiently.
4. Teachers' strategic skills and guide methods are extremely important. Both curiosity and interest are the key motivations of learning.
5. MI teaching makes students more competitive.
6. Authentic assessment cultivates the ability to research information, develop potential and achieve ambition.
According to the results, suggestions about the Multiple Intelligence Teaching Practice would be offered as follows:
1. Teachers not only appreciate skills of teaching, but emphasize the theory of education.
2. Teachers change the regular schedule of curricula and evaluation systems for raising quality.
3. Teachers can't use the same methods to guage the intelligence of individual students.
4. Action research is essential for teachers and learning organization is necessary in schooling.
參 考 資 料
中文資料:
丁凡譯(民87):因才施教,台北遠流出版社。
田耐青(民86),運用教學科技經營兒童的多元智慧。載於國立花蓮師範學院:邁向二十一世紀教學科技學術研討會。
田耐青(民88):多元智慧補救教學,台灣立報88年1月16日,四版(靜非採訪)。
何榮桂(民87),談電腦化測驗,中央日報,12版。
吳幸宜譯(民83),學習理論與教學應用。台北市:心理出版社。
吳運如譯(民87):教學秘方,台北世茂出版社。
李平譯(民86):經營多元智慧,台北遠流出版社。
李遠哲(民88),人才培育與廉能新氣象,邁向21世紀廉能新氣象公益系列講座。
李永吟(民87),認知教學理論與策略,心理出出版社。
林清山譯(民86),教育心理學──認知取向,台北遠流出版社。
邱連煌(民86),啟發兒童的智能:多元智能論在教學上的應用。載於台北市立師範學院「從課程與教學之改善,使教學更有效」研討會論文集。
邱連煌(民87),多元智能學校的組織,課程與教學。載於師範大學資優教育教師專業知能研討會──多元智能與成功智能的理論與實務。
邱連煌(民87),從多元智能論談學生智能的啟發。創造思考教育第8期,頁6-18(台北市立師範學院)。
姜文閔譯(民78),杜威原著,經驗與教育(Experience and Education),五南圖書出版。
洪蘭(民88),活用智慧,台北遠流出版社。
侯世昌(民87):跳出舊有教學的竹籬之四:做有豪氣的老師,師友月刊7月號。
夏林清等譯(民86),行動研究方法導論──教師動手做研究,台北遠流出版社。
徐照麗(民85):以建構主義為基礎的教學設計。載於國立臺中師範學院初等教育系「建構主義的教學」研討會手冊,6-17。
張定綺譯(民82),快樂從心開始,天下文化出版。
張春興(民83),教育心理學:三化取向的理論,台北:東華書局。
張稚美(民85),談教師從事教學研究的重要性,文教新潮1996,6月號。
張稚美(民87),終身學與教師增權,文教新潮1998年10月號。
莊安琪譯(民87):7種IQ,台北時報文化出版。
郭俊賢、陳淑惠譯(民87):多元智慧的教與學,台北遠流出版社。
陳伯璋(民79),行動研究法,見陳伯璋論:(教育研究法的新取向一質的研究方法),台北市南宏圖書有限公司。
陳李綢(民80),多重智力理論模式的驗證與智力的促進,國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
陳杰琦(民87),鑑別、培養與發展兒童的多元智力能力,文教新潮1998 ,12月號,北美華人教育研究協會。
陳柏蒼譯(民86),強力學習(power learning),希代書版集團。
陳美玉(民86a),教師專業──教學理念與實踐,高雄:麗文文化出版公司。
陳美玉(民86b),師生合作反省教學之研究──以教育社會學為例,國科會專題研究報告。計畫論號NSC,86-2418-H-020-003-T。
陳惠邦(民87),教育行動研究,師大書苑出版。
陳瓊森譯(民86):MI開啟多元智能新世紀,台北信誼基金出版社。
曾志朗(民86),序言,經營多元智慧,台北遠流出版社。
黃政傑(民85),從課程的角度看教師專業發展,(教師天地,83期)。
黃政傑、林佩璇(民85),合作學習,台北:五南圖書公司。
賈馥茗主編(民78),我們如何思維,五南出版。
甄曉蘭(民85),應用建構教學理念於教育專業展課程之研究(I)。國科會研究報告。嘉義:國立嘉義師範學院。
歐用生(民85),支持教師參與教育改革,(國民教育),台北,36卷,6期。
鄭富森(民88)開書考、在家考、都是考。台北教育通訊45期。
饒見維(民85),教師專業發展:理論與實務,台北市,五南圖書出版公司。
(二)英文資料:
Action in Teacher Education (1996, summer). Thematic articles. Constructivism in Teacher education Reston VA: Association of teacher Education.
Armstrong T. (1994) Multiple intelligences in the classroom.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, New. Jersey: PRENTICE-HAII, Inc.
Beltzman, Judith (1994). A case study describing the application of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences applied to the teaching of multiple of learning disabled students. AAC9536766.
Benton Center for Curriculum and Instruction (Summer 1990). Report from the Center. University of Chicago. Vol. III, No. 1.
Benton Center for Curriculum and Instruction (Summer 1990). Report from the Center. University of Chicago. Vol. III, No. 1.
Blythe T. & Gardner H. (1990) A school for all intelligences edacational lendership 47 (7) 33-37.
Blythe T. & Gardner H. (1990). A school for all intelligences educational lendership 47 (7)33-37.
Blythe, T. & Gradner, H. (April 1990). A school for all intelligences. Educational Leadership, 33-37.
Blythe, T. &. Gardner, H. (April 1990). A school for all intelligences. Educational Leadership, 33-37.
Bogdan, R. & Biklen, S. K.(1993). Qualitative research for education: an introduction to theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 390. 78. 376.18.633
Bogdan, R. S. (1995). The social psychology of education current research and theory. Edited by University of Massachu-setts at Amhert.
Bolanos, P. J. (1990). Restructuring the curriculum. Principal. 69 (3), 13-14.
Bolanos, P. J. (1994a). Form theory to practice: Indianapolis' Key School applies Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences theory to classroom. The School Adminittrator, 30-31.
Bolanos, P. J. (1994b). The Key Renaissance School: Extending the notion of multiple intelligences. In J. M. Jenkins, K. S. Louis, H. J. Walberg, and J. W. Keefe (Eds). World class schools on evolving concept. (pp.18-25) National Association of Secondary School Principals.
Bolanos, P. J. (1997). "You can talk, but can you plant corn?" Unpublished manuscript.
Bolanos, P. J. (January 1994a). From theory to practice: Indianapolis' Key School Administrator, 30-31.
Bolanos, P.J. (1994b). The Key Renaissance School; Extending the notion of multiple intelligences. In J. M. Jenkins, K.S. Louis, H. J. Walberg, and J. W. Keefe (Eds). World class schools on evolving concept. (pp.18-25) National Association of Secondary School Principals.
Boyer, E.L. (May 1983). "Seeing the connectedness of things." Educational Leadership.
Brissenden, T(1988) Talking about mathematice. England: Basil Blackwell.
Brody, P. J. (1980). Do social studies texts utilize, visual illustrations effectively? Educational Technology, May, 59-61.
Calhoun, E. F(1994) How to use action research in the self-renewing school. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and curriculum Development.
Campbell, B., Campbell, L., & Dickinson, D. (1992). Teaching and learning, through multiple intelligences. Stanwood, WA: New Horizons for Learning.
Carson, Delores. (1955). Diversity in the classroom: multiple intelligences and mathematical promble-solving. Aac9616884.
Ccsikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self. New York: Harper-Collins.
Chen, J. Q.& Gardner. H. (1997). Alternative assessment from a multiple intelligences theoretical perspective. In D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft, & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Beyond traditional intellectual assessment Contemporary and emerging theories, tests, and issues (pp. 105-121). New York: Guilford.
Christine Ho & I fung Lu (1996). The role of multiple intelligences in engineering design. Http://web.mit. edu/ilu/www/Thesis02.htm
Cohen, D. L. (June 5, 1991). "Flow room," testing psychologist's concept, introduces "learning in disguise" at Key School. Education Week, 6-7.
Cohen, D. L. (June 5, 1991). "Flow room," testing psychologist's concept, introduces "learning in disguise" at Key School. Education Week, 6-7.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper and Row.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1993). The evolving self. New York: Harper-Collins.
Davies, R. (1993). Chronicles: doing action research: the stroies of three teachers. In Elliott, J. (Ed). Reconstructing teacher education: teacher development. Washing ton, D. C. The Falmer Press.
Durie, R. (1997). A interview with Howard Gardner. (http://www.newhorizons. org/trm_duriemi. html)
Elliott, J. (1991). Action research for educational change. Milton keynes: Open University Press.
Feldman, D. H. (1980). Beyond universals in cognitive development. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Cooperation.
Feldman, D.H. with Goldsmith, L. (1986). Nature's gambit: Child prodigies and the development of human potential. New York: Basic Books.
Feldman, R. S. (1995). The social psychology of education curent rescarch and theory. Edited by University of Massachu-setts at Amhert.
Fogarty, R. & Stoe hr, J. (1995). Integrating curricula with multiple intelligences. Teams themes, and threads. Palatine IL: IRI Skylight Publishing Ine. (ED 383.435)
Gardner, H (1978). Developmental Psychology: An introduction. Boston: Little Brown, International Edition. Second Edition, 1982.
Gardner, H& Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-10.
Gardner, H, (1993) Multiple intelligences: The theory practice. NY: Basic Books.
Gardner, H, (1995). Reflections on Multiple Intelligences. My ths and Messages. Phi Delta Kappan 77,3:200-203,206-209.
Gardner, H. & Hatch, T. (1989). Multiple intelligences go to school: Educational implications of the theory of multiple intelligences. Educational Researcher, 18(8), 4-10.
Gardner, H. (1973). The Arts and Human Development. New York: Wiley. Second Edition, 1994, New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1973). The Quest for Mind: Jean Piaget, Claude Levi-Strauss, and the Structuralist Movement. New York: Knopf. Vintage paperback, 1974. Second Edition, 1981, University of Chicago Press.
Gardner, H. (1975). The Shattered Mind. New York: Knopf. Vintage .
Gardner, H. (1980). Artful Scribbles: The significance of children's drawings. New York: Basic Books. Basic Book's Paperback, 1982.
Gardner, H. (1982). Art, Mind, and Brain: A cognitive approach to creativity. New York: Basic Books. Basic Books Paperback, 1984.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Basic Books Paperback, 1985. Tenth Anniversary Edition with new introduction, New York: Basic Books, 1993.
Gardner, H. (1983/1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1985). The Mind's New Science: Ahistory of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books. Bsic Books Paperback with new Epilogus, 1987.
Gardner, H. (1987A). Beyond the IQ: Education and human development.
Gardner, H. (1987B). The theory of multiple intelligences. Annals of Dyslexia, 37, 19-35.
Gardner, H. (1989). To Open Minds: Chinese clues to the dilemma of contemporary education. New York: Basic Books. Basic Books Paperback with new introduction, 1991.
Gardner, H. (1990). Art education and human development. Los Angeles: The Getty Center for Education in the Arts.
Gardner, H. (1990). Multiple intelligences: Implications for art and creativity. In W. J. Moody (Ed), Artistic intelligence (pp. 11-27). New York: Teachers College Press.
Gardner, H. (1991). The Unschooled Mind: How children think and how schools should teach. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds: An anatomy of creativity seen through the lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky , Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple Intelligences: The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1997). Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of our Extraordinariness. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1998A). Are there additional intelligences? In J. Kane (Ed)., Education, information, and transformation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Gardner, H. (November 1995). Reflections on multiple intelligences: Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 108-112.
Gardner, H.(1990). Multiple intelligences: Implications for art and creativity. In W. J. Moody (Ed), Artistic intelligence (pp.11-27). New York: Teachers College Press.
Gardner, H.(1998B). The bridges of Spectrum. In J. Q. Veins, Building on children's strengths: The expereience of Project Spectrum, (pp.138-146). New York: Teachers College Press.
Gardner, H., Kornhaber, M., & Wake, W. (1996). Intelligence: Mulitple perspecitves. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Barce.
Gardner, H., with the collaboration of Laskin, E. (1995). Leading Minds: An anatomy of leadership. New York: Basic Books. Basic Books Paperback with a new introduction, 1996.
Gore, J. & Zeichner, K. (1991). Action research and reflective teaching in preservice teacher education: A case study from the United States. Teaching and teacher education. 7 (2), 119-136.
Gore, J. & Zeichner, K. (1991). Action research and reflective teaching inpreservice teacher education: A case study from the Unite States. Teaching and teacher education, 7 (2), 119-136.
Grossack, M., &Gardner, H. (1970). Man and Men: Scoial psychology as social science. Scranton, PA: International Textbook.
Guilford (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New. York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Haggerty B. A. (1995). Nurturing Intelligences: A Guide to Multiple Intelligences Theory and Teaching. California Addison. Wesly Puhlishing Company.
Hauge, J. (1980). A second look at small group instruction, The Clearing House, April, 53, 377.
Hoperr, T. R., (1992). How our school applied multiple intelligences theory. Educational Leadership, 67-68.
Http: www.business.com/RI__SKY/ifshoe/itsfrt.htm
Huerta Teresa (1979) Motivation in Secondary school. English Teaching Forum pp.13-15.
Hustler, D. (1986). Action research in classrooms and schools. Boston: Alley and Unwin.
Janesick, V. J. (1983). Using a journal to develop reflection and evaluation options in the classroom. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. (ED 229 363).
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1991). Learning together and alone. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Johnson, R. T. & Johnson, D. W. (1986). Action Research: Cooperative Learning in the science classroom, Science and Children, Ot. 31-33.
Johnson, R. T. & Johnson, D. W. (1994). Learning together and alone cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Johnson, R. T. & Johnson, D. W. (1994). Learring together and alone cooperative, compet-itive, and individualistic learning 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Kanter, Anne Karen (1994). Arts in our schools: arts-based school reform that applies the concepts of interdisciplinary study and active learning to teach to the multiple intelligences. AAC1354296
Key Learning Community (1998). School publications received during the author's personal visits in Jyly and October.
Kittelson, Ann Marie. (1996). Transformative teaching for empowered learning. AAC1378171.
Laffey J & T. Gibney (1996). Understanding the value of students doing projects in proceedings of the international conference on the Learning Sciences AACE 1996. Pp,204-209.
Leeper, Jacqueline Elliott (1996). Early steps toward the assimilation of the theory of multiple intelligences into classroom plractice: four case studies. AAC9623778
Lewin, K. (1948) Action research and minortiy problems. In K. Lewin (Ed.) Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics. New York: Harper and Row.
Lewin, K. (1948) Action research and minorty problems. In K. Lewin (Ed.) Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics. New York: Harper and Row.
Lordon, J. (1981). Small group instruction: To make it work, The Clearing House, February, 256-266.
Manning, Elizabeth Mauritius (1992). Music and the human brain, with special reference to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
Mc Farland K. P. & stansell, J. C. (1993). Historical perspectire In L. Patterson C. M. Santa, K. G. short & K. Smith, (Eds), Teachers are Researchers: Reflection and action. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.
Merce, C. D (1992). Suadents with learning disabilities. NY: Merrill.
Mitchell, Jo Carol. (1995). The theory of multiple intelligences as a theoretical foundtion for art appreciation. AAC9531220
Mueller, Michelle Maureen. (1995). The educational implications of multiple intelligence groupings within a cooperative learning learning environment. AAC9604379
National Center for Effective Schools (1993). Research and the classroom: Multiple intelligence theory in action.
New City School. (1994). Celebration Multiple intelligences: Teachings for success. St. Louis, MO: The New City School.
Northfield, J. R. (1993) Interpreting some different approaches to teacher education. Paper presented at 1993 Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST). ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 361301.
Northfield, J. R. (1993) Interpreting some different approaches to teacher education. Paper presented at 1993 Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching (NARST). ERIC Document Reproduction Serivic No. ED 177784.
Oberg, A. A. & Artz, S. (1992). Teaching for reflection: Being reflective. In A. C. Ornstein (Ed.), Teaching: Theory into practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Olson M. W. (1990). The teacher as researcher: A historical perspective In M. W.
Palincsar, A. S. (1986). The roles of dialogue in providing scaffoded instruction. Educational Psychologist 21, 73-98.
Palinesar A. S. & Brown A. L. (1984) Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction (2) 117-75.
Paperback, 1976.
Persky, Barry (1996).
Prawat R. S. (1996). Learning community, commitment and schook reform. Journal of Curriculum studies, 28, 1, 91-110.
Radford, Janice Dee (1994). The impact of multiple intelligences theoy and (flow theory) in the school lives of thirteen children. AAC9527829.
Raffin, Deborah Sue., (1996). Brain-compatible learning and instruction (Bloom's taxonomy, multiple intelligences, cooperative learning, intergarted instruction) AAC 9622835
Reason, P. (1988). Human Inquiry in Action: Develogments in new paradigm research. London Sage Pulication.
Renzulli, J. S. (1997). What makes giftedness: A reexamination of the definition of the gifted and talented. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 177784.
Riessman, F. (1966). Styles of learning. National Education Association Journal, LV(3), 15-17.
Sagor, R. & Curley, J. (1991). Collaborative action research: Can it improve school effectiveness? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago IL.
Savery, J. R., & Duffy, T. M. (1995). Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework. Educational Technology, 35(5), 31-37.
Schon, A, (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new dcsign for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Scott, Oscar, JR. (1996). Multiple intelligences and the gifted identification of African-American students. AAC 9639108
Silver, H., Strong, R. & Perini Matthew (1997). Intergrating learning styles and mulitiple intelligences. Educational leadership, 22-27.
Stemberg, R. J. (1983). Components of human intelligence. Copnition. 15, 1-48
Stemberg, R. J. (1988) The triarchic mind: A new theory of human intelligence. New York: Viking.
Teele, Sue. (1994), The relationship of multiple intelligences to the instructional process. AAC9501918
Ullmann, H. J. (April 23-3-, 1998). Key Renaissance School: Dreaming the best at IPS, maybe it's already here---, NUVO Newseekly, 17-21.
Vangilder, Janice Sue Condon. (1995). A study of multiple intelligence as implemented by a Missouri school. AAC9608005.
Vialle, W. (1997). Multiple Intelligence in multiple settings (Educational leadership 55(1) 65-69.
Von Glasersfeld, E, (1995). A constructivist approach to teaching. In L.P. Steffe & J. Gale(Eds.), Constructiovism in Education (pp.3-15). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
von Glsersfeld, E. (1989). Constructivism in education. In T. Husen, & N. Postelethwaite (Eds.), The international in encyclopedia of education. Supplementary Vol. 1, 162-163. New York: Pergamon Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of higher psychological processes. In. M. Cole, V. John-steiner, S. Seribner, & E. Souberman (Eds.). Canbridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Vygotsky, L.S. ((1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. In M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner & E. Souberman (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Weber, Ellen Frances. (1994). A multiple intelligence view of learning at the high school level. AAC NN95406
Wheatley, G.H. (1991). Constructivist perspectives on science and mathematics learning. Science Education, 75, 9-21.
Williams, W., Blythe, T., White, N., Li., J., Sternberg, R., & Gardner, H. (1996). Practical intelligence for school. New York: Harper Collins.
Winn, M. (April 29, 1990). New views of human intelligence: A far broader range of important skills and abilities emerges. The Good Health Magazine, 16-17; 28-29.
Winter, R. (1987b). Action Research and The Nature of Social Inquiry Landon: Falmer.
Zeichner, K. M. & Tabachnick, B. R. (1991). Reflelctions on reflective teaching. In Tabachnick, B. R. & Zeichner, K. M. (Eds.). Issues and practices in inquiry-oriented teacher education. (pp.1-21). New York: Falmer Press.